This dataset was collected from the Peel and Arctic Red Rivers in the western Canadian Arctic as part of an International Polar Year project. The Peel River was sampled 57 times between May 2007 and September 2010, while the Arctic Red River was sampled 32 times between May 2007 and August 2008 (with one additional sample in June 2010). Each water sample was analyzed for up to 22 water quality parameters/constituents, including water temperature, specific conductivity, pH, chlorophyll-a, total suspended sediments, particulate nutrients (C, N, P), soluble reactive silica, major ions (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cl, SO4), dissolved C (inorganic and organic), and dissolved nutrients (various N and P fractions). These data are associated with the article "Water quality parameters and constituent concentrations measured in the Peel and Arctic Red Rivers, 2007-2010", published in the journal Arctic Science by Gareis and Lesack (2022).