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Veterinarian perceptions on the care of surplus dairy calves
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Hendricks, Jillian; Weary, D.M; von Keyserlingk, M.A.G — 2022-06-16 This study investigated the perspectives of Canadian cattle veterinarians on the care and management of surplus calves, as well as how they view their role in improving care. We conducted 10 focus groups with a total of 45 veterinarians from 8 provinces across Canada. Recorded audio files were transcribed, anonymized, and coded using thematic analysis. We found that veterinarians approached surplus calf management issues from a wide lens, with 2 major themes emerging: (1) problematic aspects of surplus calf management, including colostrum management, transportation, and euthanasia, and suggested management and structural solutions, including ways to improve the economic value of these calves, and (2) the veterinarian’s role in advising dairy farmers on the care of surplus calves, including on technical issues, and more broadly working with farmers to better address public concerns.
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Social Acceptance of Genetic Engineering Technology
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Koralesky, Katherine; Sirovica, Lara; Hendricks, Jillian; Mills, Katelyn; von Keyserlingk, M.A.G; Weary, D.M — 2022-09-14 Genetic engineering of animals has been proposed to address societal problems, but public acceptance of the use of this technology is unclear. Previous work has shown that the source of information proposing the technology (e.g. companies, universities), the term used to describe the technology (e.g. genome editing, genetic modification), and the genetic engineering application (e.g. different food products) affects technology acceptance. We conducted three mixed-method surveys and used a causal trust-acceptability model to understand social acceptance of genetic engineering (GE) by investigating 1) the source of information proposing the technology, 2) the term used to describe the technology, and 3) the GE application for farm animals proposed. Quantitative analysis showed that the source of information and technology term had little to no effect on social acceptance. Further, participants expressed their understanding of technology using a range of terms interchangeably, all describing technology used to change an organism’s DNA. Applications involving animals were perceived as less beneficial than a plant application, and an application for increased cattle muscle growth was perceived as more risky than a plant application. We used structural equation modelling and confirmed model fit for each survey. In each survey, perceptions of benefit had the greatest effect on acceptance. Following our hypothesized model, social trust had an indirect influence on acceptance through similar effects of perceived benefit and risk. When assessing the acceptability of applications participants considered impacts on plants, animals, and people, trust in actors and technologies, and weighed benefits and drawbacks of GE. Future work should consider how to best measure acceptability of GE for animals, consider contextual factors and consider the use of inductive frameworks.
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Data for: Mouse isoflurane anesthesia using the drop method
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Bodnar, Maya; Ratuski, Anna; Weary, D.M — 2023-01-18 We investigated the use of isoflurane administered with the drop method at low concentrations prior to carbon dioxide euthanasia. Measures of insensibility and stress-related behaviours were recorded during induction. Our results indicate that the drop method can be used to effectively anesthetize mice with isoflurane concentrations as low as 1.7%; future work should assess mouse aversion.
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Gene editing in animals: What does the public want to know?
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Kuo, Christine; Koralesky, Katherine; von Keyserlingk, M.A.G; Weary, D.M — 2023-04-11 We aimed to describe the questions people pose about gene editing (GE) in animals as a novel approach to understanding public knowledge of GE. We also compared our participants’ questions with those listed on Frequently Asked Question (FAQ) webpages hosted by GE organizations. Participants (338 US residents) most frequently asked questions centered on seeking general information about GE and about animal welfare (29% and 26% of all questions asked, respectively). In contrast, organizational FAQs primarily focused on regulations (32% of FAQs posed and answered on these webpages). The actual questions people asked provide data on the variable knowledge they bring to the topic and illustrate that people are curious about a range of related issues. We conclude that acknowledging the actual questions that the public bring to the debate around technology use can be used to advance public engagement efforts.
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Training dairy heifers with positive reinforcement: effects on anticipatory behavior.
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Heinsius, Jennifer; Lomb, Julia; Lee, Joseph; von Keyserlingk, M.A.G; Weary, D.M — 2023-04-12 Dairy cattle are often restrained for veterinary procedures, but restraint can cause fear responses that can make the procedure challenging for both the animal and the human handler. Positive reinforcement training (PRT) is used in other species to reduce fear responses and there is now evidence that this can also facilitate handling in cattle. The objectives of this study were to test the effect of PRT on anticipatory and play behavior in dairy heifers. We used 20 heifers (5 ± 0.6 mo old) that had been habituated to the chute area and had previous experience with low-stress handling. Heifers were randomly assigned to 2 treatments: control (n=10) and PRT (n=10). PRT heifers were subjected to a training protocol that included low-stress handling as well as target training with food reinforcement. Control heifers were moved to the chute using low-stress handling only. We predicted that heifers trained with PRT would show more anticipatory and play behaviors than control heifers in the period before gaining access to a chute. As predicted, PRT heifers performed more behavioral transitions (7.6 ± 0.77 versus 4.4 ± 0.57 transitions for control heifers; F1,9=21.99, P<0.01), and specifically performed more locomotory play such as jumping (2.1 ± 0.30 vs. 0.4 ± 0.19 jumps; F1,9=57.18, P<0.01) and running (2.0 ± 0.40 s vs. 0.5 ± 0.16 s; F1,9=20.73, P<0.01). These results indicate that PRT results in heifers having more positive emotional states in anticipation of handling, and supports the use of training to improve the welfare of dairy cattle.
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Supplementary material for: Invited review: Risk factors for transition period disease in intensive grazing and housed dairy cattle
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Daros, Ruan; Weary, D.M; von Keyserlingk, M.A.G — 2022-04-08 Dairy cows in both grazing and zero-grazing systems are at risk of disease in the weeks around calving. In this review, we highlight the factors associated with the development of diseases common during this period and discuss how different production systems face different challenges in improving cow health; some risks (including some associated with lameness) appear easier to address in grazing systems, but some nutritional issues are easier to manage in zero-grazing systems. We conclude that system specific solutions are required. In the supplementary material you will find a list of the research compiled to estimate the disease prevalence of dairy cattle under grazing and zero-grazing dairies.
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Replication data for: How should the public contribute to discussions on cattle welfare? Perspectives of veterinarians and animal scientists
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Ventura, Beth; Weary, D.M; von Keyserlingk, M.A.G — 2023-04-18 Veterinarians and animal scientists can provide leadership on issues relevant to farm animal welfare, but perceptions of these stakeholders regarding societal expectations for welfare are underexplored. This study involved five focus groups of veterinarians and animal scientists (n=50 in total), recruited at a European meeting focused on cattle welfare. Participants were invited to discuss topics related to cattle welfare and were prompted with questions designed to elicit their perspectives of public concerns and how public input should be included when developing solutions. Discussions were moderated by trained facilitators, audio-recorded and transcribed, and transcripts coded through reflexive thematic analysis. Ultimately four primary themes were developed: 1) The public as concerned; 2) The public as ignorant; 3) The public as needing education; and 4) The public as helper or hindrance. Groups identified specific practices viewed as concerning to the public, including lack of pasture access, behavioural restriction, and painful procedures. Discussions about these concerns and the role of the public were often framed around the assumption that the public was ignorant about farming, and that this ignorance should be rectified through education. Participants were generally ambivalent about how and if the public should contribute to discussions on farm animal welfare, but suggested that consumers should pay more for products to help shoulder any costs of welfare improvements.
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Replication Data for: Effect of neck-rail placement on free-stall use and the force exerted on the rail by naïve dairy heifers
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Weary, D.M; Gaworski, Marek; McLellan, Kathryn; von Keyserlingk, M.A.G — 2023-07-08 How cattle respond when introduced to new housing systems is understudied. Indoor housed dairy heifers are often kept on open packs early in life and then later transition to free-stall housing. The neck-rail in free stalls acts as a physical and visual barrier intended to prevent animals from entering too far in the stall, with the aim of improving the cleanliness of the stall surface. Unfortunately, this barrier can hinder stall use and in some cases may be a hazard to animals due to physical contact. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two different neck-rail positions on frequency of stall use (for lying and standing) and misuse (standing backwards in the stall and lying down outside of the stall) by naïve dairy heifers. A secondary aim was to measure, via the use of an instrumented neck-rail, the maximum force with which heifers contacted this part of the stall. We also assessed stall cleanliness and bedding use. Holstein heifers (n=16) were randomly assigned to one of two neck-rail positions: 110 cm and 130 cm (as measured diagonally from the inside of the rear curb to the bottom of the instrumented neck-rail). Animals were tested individually and responses were measured over first 6 h following introduction to the free stalls. On average (median, min, max) heifers lay down 3.5 (0, 6) times in the free-stall when the neck-rail was positioned at 130 cm vs. 0 (0, 4) times at 110 cm. Heifers also were more likely to stand fully in the stall when the neck-rail was positions at 130 cm vs. 110 cm (3.5, 0, 9 vs. 1, 0, 3), and were also more likely to stand backwards in the stall (3, 0, 5 vs. 0, 0, 1). In contrast, heifers tested at the 130 cm position were rarely observed lying down outside of the stall (1, 0, 4), while this behavior was more common at the 110 cm treatment (4, 0, 7). Contrary to our expectation, the force with which heifers contacted the neck-rail was higher in the 130 cm vs. the 110 cm treatment (337, 6, 548 vs. 78, 26, 403 N). At the 130 cm vs. 110 cm position stalls were more likely be contaminated with feces (6, 0, 11 vs. 0, 0, 5 contaminated squares), and bedding levels showed a greater decline (10.2, 8.6, 12.2 vs. 7.6, 6.7, 11.9 cm decline). We conclude the neck-rail position acts as a barrier for naïve heifers, such that a more restrictive position reduces the likely the heifers use the stall correctly and increases misuse. Stalls with more restrictive neck-rails stay cleaner and better retain bedding, in part due to their lack of use.
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Can a social partner alleviate conditioned place aversion caused by isolation and pain in dairy calves?
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Nogues, Emeline; Ede, Thomas; Woodroffe, Raphaela E.; Weary, D.M; von Keyserlingk, M.A.G — 2023-07-31 Social buffering occurs when the presence of a partner mitigates the stress response of an individual. In two experiments, we assessed the effects of social buffering in dairy calves, with and without a known conspecific, when either subjected to isolation from the larger group (Experiment 1; n = 12) or to recovery from the painful procedure of hot-iron disbudding (Experiment 2; n = 25). In Experiment 2, we also tested whether the level of fearfulness of each calf and the frequency of interactions between the two calves affected the degree of buffering. In both experiments the effects of buffering were assessed using a conditioned place aversion paradigm, with the prediction that calves would find experiences less aversive when exposed to the stressor with a conspecific. All calves were exposed to two conditioning treatments (i.e., exposed alone or with a ‘support’ partner), each session lasted 6 h each and were 48 h apart. Conditioned place aversion tests (with calves tested alone) occurred at 48, 72, 96 h after the second treatment. We found no evidence of social buffering for responses to either isolation from the group or the recovery from the painful experience. The number of physical interactions between the calves during treatment and the fearfulness of the calves also did not account for the individual variation observed.
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Replication Data for: Automated, longitudinal measures of drinking behaviour provide insights into the social hierarchy in dairy cows
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Foris, Borbala; Vandresen, Bianca; Sheng, Kehan; Krahn, Joseph; Weary, D.M; von Keyserlingk, M.A.G — 2023-11-20 Water is an essential resource for dairy cattle, and in some circumstances cattle will compete with one another to gain access to water. Here we applied a Bayesian-based, Elo-rating method to assess the winning probabilities of 87 cows housed in a dynamic group and compared the resulting social hierarchies based on their steepness. We identified a hierarchy at the drinker with a steepness of 0.55±0.02 whereas the hierarchy detected at the feeder during the same time period was less steep (0.45±0.02), indicating smaller average differences between the winning probabilities of cows when competing for feed compared to competing for water. Individual cows’ winning probabilities at the feeder and drinker were moderately correlated (rs=0.55, P<0.001). However, cows at both the lower and upper ends of the hierarchy demonstrated a consistent alignment. We compared drinker hierarchies between periods with THI above and below 72 and found similar steepness (0.54±0.03 and 0.56±0.03 respectively) and the individual winning probabilities of cows were highly correlated between hot and normal periods (rs=0.87, P<0.001). Individual drinking behaviour was also associated with the drinker hierarchy, cows with higher winning probability had lower average daily visit frequency (hot: rs=-0.40, P<0.01, normal: rs=-0.33, P<0.01) and higher average daily water intake (hot: rs=0.38, P<0.01, normal: rs=0.37, P<0.01). We also found evidence that cows differ in when they drink, depending on their winning probability; less successful cows shifted their drinking times to before or after the visit peak after milking. Automatically identifying cows with consistently high or low winning probabilities using drinkers may inform grouping decisions and water provision on farms.
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Replication Data for “Chickens living in better environments lay happier eggs”: consumers attitudes towards cage-free eggs
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Lee, Huipin; Chen, Maria; Weary, D.M — 2023-11-15 This folder contains transcripts from 46 interviews. Each file represents one interview transcript, written in the original interview language Chinese. The interviewer is indicated with her initial (“J”), and the participants with an arbitrary code (e.g. “A”). The only exception is in the transcripts with participant J, where the interviewer is indicated with her name (“Julia”) and the participant with the code “J”. All participants were interviewed more than once; interviews are numbered sequentially. The text reflects a verbatim transcription, with edits to remove any identifying information to maintain participant anonymity.
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Replication Data for: Effects of group size on agonistic interactions in dairy cows: a descriptive study
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Krahn, Joseph; Foris, Borbala; Sheng, Kehan; Weary, D.M; von Keyserlingk, M.A.G — 2024-01-02 Group-housed cattle sometimes engage in agonistic competitive behavior over resources such as feed, which can negatively affect aspects of welfare. Little is known about how contextual factors such as group size influence agonistic behavior. We explored the frequency of agonistic interactions at the feeder when cattle were housed in different sized groups. We also explored the consistency of the directionality of agonistic interactions in dyads and of the number of agonistic interactions initiated by individuals across the group sizes. Four replicates of 50 cows each were assessed in two group-size phases. In Phase 1, cows were kept in one group of 50. In Phase 2, these same cows were divided into 5 groups of 10, maintaining stocking density (i.e., ratio of animals to lying stalls and feed bunk spaces). We measured agonistic replacements (i.e., interactions that result in one cow leaving the feed bin and another taking her place) at an electronic feeder using a validated algorithm. We used these data from Phase 1 to calculate individual Elo-ratings (a type of dominance score). Cows were then categorized into 5 dominance categories based upon these ratings. To ensure a consistent Elo-rating distribution between phases, 2 cows from each dominance category were randomly assigned to each small group of 10 cows. The mean±SE number of replacements per cow was similar regardless of whether the cows were housed in groups of 50 (34.1±2.4) or 10 (31.1±5.0), although the groups of 10 were more variable. Further, 81.5±5.2% of dyads had the same directionality across group sizes and individuals were moderately consistent in the number of replacements they initiated (ICC=0.62). These results indicate that the relationship between group size and agonistic behaviour is complex; we discuss these challenges and suggest new avenues for further research.
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Replication Data for: Effect of social relationships on dairy cows’ decision to move to and from an outdoor area.
Borealis
Nogues, Emeline; Weary, D.M; von Keyserlingk, M.A.G — 2024-02-02 Leader-follower behaviours have been described in cattle housed on pasture and when entering the milking parlour. To our knowledge, no study has investigated these behaviours in cattle provided free-choice access to the outdoors. This study explores whether the timing of cows exiting and entering the barn from an outdoor area is associated with the movement of their herd mates. We followed 18 lactating Holstein cows housed indoors in a freestall barn together with 18 non-experimental cows, for on average 77 d (range: 74 – 80). The 18 experimental cows were allowed free access to an outdoor open pack (sand covered with woodchips) through an automated selection gate which automatically recorded when a cow exited the barn. To enter the barn from outside, cows went through a one-way gate; time of entry was recorded from video. Cows moved in and out of the barn on average 269 times (range: 68 – 472). A Gaussian mixture model was applied to the log of the frequency distribution of time intervals between each cow and the next for each entry and exit. On the basis of where the curves intersected, we identified a threshold interval of 42 s between consecutive exits or entries to consider movements as associated. Applying this threshold, 13.8 % of events were associated with the movement of another cow: 11.2 % of exits and 16.4 % of entries. We created a leader-follower matrix for each direction: the leader being the cow initiating the movement, and the follower the one walking through the same gate within 42 s of the leader. These association matrices were used to build weighted and directed social networks for exits and entries; we found a moderate positive correlation between the networks (RQAP = 0.69, p < 0.001), meaning the patterns of association between cows observed when exiting the barn were consistent with those when they entered. Just over a third of the relations in the networks were asymmetrical; in contrast, leader-follower theory would predict that one individual within each pair would lead consistently. We identified 17 of 153 possible between-cow pairings as preferentially bonded; these pairs had a simple ratio index of association more than twice the average of all possible pairs. We conclude that some of the cow movements to and from an outdoor pack were influenced by the movements of other group members, and these associations were particularly strong between some pairs of cows.
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Replication Data for: Overstocking and temporal feed restriction affects dairy cows’ drinking behavior
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Nizzi, Ellyn; Foris, Borbala; Weary, D.M; Boudon, Anne; von Keyserlingk, M.A.G — 2024-03-25 Water is an essential resource for dairy cows and its consumption is closely linked to feed intake. Social competition can lead to changes in drinking behavior. We studied how the combination of stocking at the drinker (6 or 12 cows per drinker) and temporal feed restriction (14 or 24 h access) impacts drinking in 4 groups of 6 cows each, following a Latin Square design. We recorded drinking behavior and agonistic interactions (i.e., replacements) at the drinker; within each group of 6 focal cows, 2 were identified as most dominant, 2 as most subordinate, and the 2 others as intermediate, based on success when engaged in agonistic interactions at the feeder. Intermediate and subordinate cows drank less water when feed access was restricted (7.9 L/d less ± 5.2). Subordinate cows also spent less time drinking when overstocked (12.5 min/d less ± 6.4). During treatments with more competition, cows, regardless of dominance, shifted and increased their percentages of daily water of 2h and 1h after the morning and afternoon peak of consumption respectively found during control treatment. Our findings provide evidence that feed restriction and overstocking at the drinker changes the drinking behavior of cows with subordinate animals experiencing more pronounced effects.
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Replication Data for: The relationship between transition period diseases and lameness, feeding time, and body condition during the dry period
Borealis
Daros, Ruan; Eriksson, Hanna K.; Weary, D.M; von Keyserlingk, M.A.G — 2019-10-25 This file contains the original data used to run the statistical analysis for the paper "The relationship between transition period diseases and lameness, feeding time, and body condition during the dry period" by Daros et al., 2020 published in the Journal of Dairy Science. Here you will also find the supplementary material for the original publication and the code used to generate the supplementary material. Any issues, do not hesitate in contact. Happy coding!
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Replication Data and Supplementary Material for: Public attitude towards and perceptions of dairy cattle welfare in cow-calf management systems differing in type of social and maternal contact
Borealis
Sirovica, Lara; Ritter, Caroline; Hendricks, Jillian; Weary, D.M; Gulati, Sumeet; von Keyserlingk, M.A.G — 2022-01-05 We investigated how Canadian and American participants in an online survey would perceive cow-calf management systems differing in type of social and maternal contact allowed. Attitudes and perceptions of animal welfare were more positive towards the system where calves were not separated from the cows, compared to systems in which the calf was separated and individually housed, separated and group housed, or separated and kept with a foster cow. Participants appeared to value the mother cow-calf relationship and were less accepting of cow-calf management systems that involved separating the calf from their mother.
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Milk feeding and calf housing practices on British Columbia dairy farms
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Russell, Elizabeth; Weary, D.M; von Keyserlingk, M.A.G — 2024-08-07 The primary aim of this study was to describe rearing practices of dairy calves on farms in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Measures of calf growth are sometimes used to assess success in calf rearing, so a secondary aim was to describe methods used to assess calf growth on these farms. All 437 dairy farms in the province were invited to participate in a survey distributed from June-December 2023. A total of 63 complete responses were received (representing 14.4% of the farms in BC). Milking herd size averaged (± SD) 167 + 172 cows, and the primary breed was Holstein for 84 % of respondents. Participants reported having an average of 2.8 + 1.5 employees responsible for pre-weaned calf care. Most (63.5%) farms housed calves individually before weaning, but some (25.4%) socially housed calves in groups of two or more and others (11.1%) used a combination of individual and social housing. The mean maximum milk allowance was 9.4 + 2.8 L/d, with 87% of respondents offering >8 L/d. Teat feeding was used on 71.7% of farms, with 13.1% using automated milk feeders. Two participants reported feeding calves via the dam or nurse cows. Weaning age averaged 76 ±16.3 d, with calf age being the primary criterion for weaning. About half (52.4%) of farms reported measuring calf growth, and 31.7% reported to having a target growth rate. Our results suggest that milk feeding practices in BC are changing, such that calves are now often fed higher milk rations via a teat. Individual housing remains common, suggesting further research is needed to understand the barriers to adopting social housing on commercial farms. In addition, our findings suggest room for improvement in monitoring calf growth; improved tracking of calf growth may facilitate evidence-based evaluations of calf rearing and weaning protocols on dairy farms.
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University student perspectives on antimicrobial peptide use in farm animals
Borealis
Shah, Barsha; Urloiu, Amalia; Hendricks, Jillian; Weary, D.M; Shriver, Adam — 2024-08-08 Growing awareness of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock production has led to calls for the development of alternatives such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are also able to combat infectious diseases in farm animals. A critical step in the development of AMPs is to understand people’s perspectives towards this technology to avoid misalignment with societal expectations. The aim of this study was to investigate university student perspectives of AMPs applications in farm animals as alternatives to antibiotic use. We interviewed 20 university students and, using thematic analysis, identified six themes: 1) Initial knowledge, including knowledge of antibiotics and initial impressions of AMPs; 2) Human wellbeing, including the effects of food and animal health on public health, the importance of addressing AMR, and cost for farmers; 3) Animal welfare, including animal health, welfare, and production, and continuation of contentious farm practices; 4) Perceived naturalness of AMPs, including biocompatibility and comparing same and different species transfer of biological material; 5) Unforeseen consequences of AMPs, and the importance of researching unintended consequences of novel technologies; and 6) Public acceptance of AMPs, including trust and lack of awareness, and how AMPs might inspire new technology applications. In summary, participants viewed AMPs positively as an alternative to antibiotic use in farm animals to address AMR. However, key concerns centered around unintended harmful effects for food systems, public health and animal welfare, which may impact public acceptance of AMPs in animal agriculture.
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Behavioral responses to artificial insemination and the effect of positive reinforcement training
Borealis
Heinsius, Jennifer; von Keyserlingk, M.A.G; Weary, D.M — 2024-08-21 Dairy cattle experience a variety of stressors associated with routine farm practices, including injections, pen movements, regrouping, and artificial insemination (AI). The first objective of this study was to assess the use of ear position and movement parameters in heifers before, during, and after their first exposure to the AI procedure. The second objective was to test whether heifers exposed to positive reinforcement training (PRT) displayed different ear positions and movement parameters during these 3 events. We tested 14 heifers (13 ± 0.7 mo old); 9 were trained using PRT (as part of another study) and 5 had no experience with PRT. Ear positions were recorded using 6 defined categories, and the frequency of each position was compared across periods relative to AI and between treatments. Ear axial and ear forward positions were more frequent before and after AI events than during AI (4.61 ± 0.93 vs. 0.33 ± 0.12 times/event, and 3.17 ± 0.61 vs. 0.42 ± 0.42 times/event, respectively). Another ear position, backward pinned, was observed less frequently before and after events than during AI (0.09 ± 0.06 vs. 3.58 ± 1.05 times/event). We found no effect of PRT on any ear position measured, and no effect of period relative to AI on any of the 4 movements assessed (leaning froward, backward, and steps taken with front legs and back legs). We conclude that heifers subjected to AI for the first time express distinct ear positions and suggest these are associated with negative emotional states. Further work is required to validate these responses and to determine the extent that they can be used to assess affective responses to this and other procedures.

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