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Evaluation of snag density and snag metrics in Old Growth Deferral Priority Areas in the Cariboo region using airborne LiDAR data
— 2022-05-04 Standing dead trees (snags) are crucial habitats for fauna in mature and diverse forests along the Interior Douglas-fir Zone of British Columbia. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether snag density and snag metrics differ between three categories of at-risk and irreplaceable Old Growth Priority Deferral Areas (ancient, big-treed and remnant) and their neighbouring areas with no deferral status. Using airborne LiDAR data, we detect snags using 1) area-based forest metrics paired with random forest modelling, and 2) an individual snag detection algorithm.
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Quantifying Upslope Treeline Advancement in the Mountainous Areas of the Cariboo Natural Resource Region, British Columbia, from 1985 to 2020
— 2022-04-19 Upslope treeline advancement has been occurring globally over the last several decades, leading to displacement and fragmentation of alpine habitats and declines in species richness. Examining past and current treeline migration can provide insight into potential future conditions and can be used to improve ecosystem management. There is no long-term data on treeline advancement in Central British Columbia (B.C.) and the response to climate change is poorly understood. To address this, we explored treeline advancement in the Cariboo Natural Resource Region over a 35-year period (1985-2020) using Landsat imagery. Changes to the rate of advancement within the Engelmann-Spruce Subalpine Fir (ESSF) Biogeoclimatic Zone (BEC) were investigated in five-year increments using a common greenness index and the effects of slope and aspect were analysed. The most significant increase in advancement was observed between 2005 to 2015, with 190 km2 more advancement occurring in the 2010-2015 period compared to the 2005-2010 period. This large increase could be a result of temperature warming in the region beginning in the 1990s. Unexpectedly, we found steep sloped regions (> 30 degrees) exhibited greater treeline advancement throughout the study period, compared to gentle slopes (< 30 degrees). One possible reason for this is that steep slopes are less prone to cold sinks and trees favour warm temperatures for establishment. Aspect had no effect on treeline advancement, likely due to greater moisture on north-facing slopes but warmer temperatures on south-facing slopes. Additionally, significant variability throughout the study region was found, illustrating the complexity of treeline advancement and the challenges that exist when examining large geographic regions, as well as the importance of local ecosystem knowledge for future treeline modelling.
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Comparing the Level of Above-ground Carbon Sequestration and Respective Ecosystem Services between Native and Cultivated Trees in the University of British Columbia Botanical Garden
— 2022-04-19 Urban trees play an essential role in alleviating the local effects of global warming by sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide, regulating temperature and reducing air pollution in urban areas. There have been studies estimating carbon sequestration of urban trees using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR). Yet, neither of the studies made comparison between species nor extended the discussion towards ecosystem services. Therefore, this study compared the attributes between native and cultivated trees in the Asian Garden of the University of British Columbia (UBC) Botanical Garden, estimated their level of above-ground carbon sequestration, and thus examined respective implications in terms of ecosystem services. A canopy height model was first generated from LiDAR point cloud data for individual tree segmentation based on Dalponte algorithm. There were 803 derived trees matched successfully with the field-measured trees in ArcGIS with an accuracy of 69.5%. The level of above-ground carbon sequestration of each tree was estimated from tree height and canopy area using a non-linear regression model. Results showed that the average carbon sequestration level of native trees was higher than cultivated trees by 1102 kg (p = 3.045 x 10-7), which facilitated more effective soil formation. The average canopy areas of both trees were approximately 63 m2 (p = 0.696), which gives rise to their similar contribution in temperature cooling and air purification. In general, the garden provides a high level of biodiversity and education value thanks to its high species diversity. Regarding future directions in garden management, the removal of native trees and the planting location of cultivated trees in the garden should be carefully evaluated since they have higher level of ecosystem services and higher crown area to height ratio respectively.
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Quesnel Lake Physical Limnology Dataset (2005-2017)
— 2020-04-23 Dataset of physical limnological observations from Quesnel Lake, British Columbia, Canada produced during research conducted into the impact of the 4 August 2014 Mount Polley mine tailings dam spill. Included are conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profiles from 2006-2017, and mooring timeseries from 2014-2017.
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The Impacts of Burn Severity on Forest Resiliency in British Columbia
— 2021-04-12 Understanding how resilient forests are after wildfire events is important to forest management practices. The objective of this study was to use Landsat-8 data to understand how the burn severity of the Little Bobtail Lake wildfire has impacted forest regrowth several years later. This was done by deriving different vegetation indices to see how the changes in vegetation health were impacted by burn severity. Additionally, landscape pattern metrics were used to understand the changes in the spatial patterns of the burn severity and vegetation health over time. The results showed that the higher the burn severity, the greater the impact on vegetation health immediately after the wildfire, as well as a slower return to pre-fire conditions. When compared to the pre-fire values, the post-fire Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and the Tasseled Cap Greenness values showed an initial drop in the R2 value and then a rise in value four years after the wildfire. This differed from the Tasseled Cap Wetness values as the R2 showed a continual drop in value. When looking at the changes in the spatial patterns for vegetation health, the Sparse Vegetation class showed the greatest change for Core Area with a 3.72 hectare increase every year. When looking at burn severity, the High Severity class showed the greatest decrease in core area with a loss of 2.63 hectares every year. These results show that monitoring vegetation regrowth can be done using Landsat-8 derived vegetation health indices as well as with spatial pattern analysis.
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Evaluating Landscape Metrics as Predictors of Area Burned by Wildfire and Monitoring Landscape Level Change in the Interior Douglas-Fir Zone in British Columbia
— 2021-01-13 The Interior Douglas-fir zone of British Columbia’s Cariboo Region evolved alongside wildfire through millennia of repeat exposure. Resulting from these interactions were fire adapted species and landscape configurations that supported low to moderate severity wildfires. Removing the dominant disturbance agent of these dry forest ecosystems through systematic fire suppression has resulted in unforeseen repercussions. Presently, forests of the Interior Douglas-fir zone hold the potential for higher severity wildfire posing an increased threat to human life. This project was conducted to evaluate landscape metrics as predictors of area burned within the Interior Douglas-fir zone of the Cariboo Region. Six landscape metrics pertaining to the composition and configuration of landscape patches were calculated within 2500 hectare sampling cells. Additional work was conducted to quantify changing landscape metrics between 1985 and 2016. Key to this report are annual land cover maps generated following the Virtual Land Cover Engine framework applied to Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-7 ETM+ imagery. Results indicate that none of the landscape metrics involved in this project are effective predictors of area burned. Trend analysis from 1985 to 2016 concluded that several landscape metrics exhibited significant monotonic trends. The number of patches, landscape shape index, and Shannon’s diversity index were found to be increasing while mean patch area, and proportion of like adjacency were found to be decreasing. Additionally, no significant change in the area burned was observed. These results suggest that another agent, likely timber harvesting and climate change, are driving trends in landscape metrics. Overall, landscapes are becoming more heterogeneous. This does not necessarily translate to decreasing wildfire severity or size.
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UBC Farm Cover Crop Planting Records
— 2020-01-23 This dataset contains records of cover crop planting at UBC Farm since 2018. Information includes crop types, field and bed locations and areas, and planting dates, rates, and weights. <br> <br> Please note that the UBC Farm’s data management practices have grown and evolved over time, and some forms of data have been consistently collected for more years than others. UBC Farm staff are also busy and imperfect humans and sometimes forget to log activities. On rare occasion, erroneous data may accidentally be entered, and these errors may not get corrected during quality control checks. While we do our best to ensure the data we release is complete and accurate, we provide this data to you “as is”, through the disclaimer in the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.
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Understanding Microclimate in University of British Columbia's Botanical Garden
— 2022-04-19 Climate change is a key factor in how extreme weather events affect how ecosystems and species react to these changes in temperatures. University of British Columbia's (UBC) Botanical Garden is interested in improving microclimate information within the garden to understand how areas with shade create respite zones for species. Due to the recent extreme weather temperatures in Vancouver, the garden is interested in how to continue to adapt and mitigate to these extremes. Microclimates are important as they are cooler temperatures beneath the canopy. Looking at how canopy cover influences land surface temperature can give insight on microclimates. Using LiDAR metrics to calculate canopy cover and Landsat to calculate land surface temperature, a model was built to understand the significance of canopy cover and land surface temperature, with the addition of other LiDAR metrics. The model could only determine a 34% variation between the variables tested. Canopy cover showed to have a p-value of 0.0993 and maximum height had a p-value of 0.0034. To investigate the results further, an unpaired t-test was run to determine the relationship between areas with canopy cover and areas without canopy cover. The t-test showed there are significant differences as the p-value was 0.0035. With the results, they provide observations of how canopy cover currently influences microclimate within the garden. Areas found to have a high percentage of canopy cover reflected lower land surface temperatures. Currently, the model has the structure to predict canopy cover with LiDAR metrics. However, finer data is needed to accurately predict microclimate. Recommendations are provided to enhance the study area with future directions for research within UBC Botanical Garden to conduct a more intricate analysis.
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Depth profiles of cadmium and silver (dissolved and particulate phases) in the Salish Sea
— 2022-06-02 This dataset contains high-resolution depth profiles of cadmium and silver in seawater and marine particles collected from the Salish Sea, with a focus on the Strait of Georgia. Dissolved and total concentrations of cadmium and silver are also reported for treated effluent from Metro Vancouver's Iona Island Wastewater Treatment Plant, and screened effluent from two outfalls located in the Capital Regional District.
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UBC Farm Sales Records
— 2020-02-24 This dataset contains sales records for UBC Farm since 2019, including total revenue per product through its main sales channels: markets, community-supported agriculture (CSA) programs, and wholesale. Please note that a product does not represent a specific crop (e.g. kale), but a specific quantity and packaging of that crop. For example, 'kale, tote (10 lb)' and 'kale, bunch (0.67 lb)' are different products, but the same crop. <br><br> Please note that the UBC Farm’s data management practices have grown and evolved over time, and some forms of data have been consistently collected for more years than others. UBC Farm staff are also busy and imperfect humans and sometimes forget to log activities. On rare occasion, erroneous data may accidentally be entered, and these errors may not get corrected during quality control checks. While we do our best to ensure the data we release is complete and accurate, we provide this data to you “as is”, through the disclaimer in the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.
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Data for: UBC Farm Long-Term Biodiversity Monitoring Program
— 2020-02-24 This dataset contains data collected through the UBC Farm Long-Term Biodiversity Monitoring Program, which started in May 2019. <br><br> Project Description: The UBC Farm Long-term Biodiversity Monitoring Program assesses biodiversity across multiple scales and levels at the UBC Farm. Biodiversity is the foundation of agricultural productivity and contributes essential ecosystem functions and services to food systems. The UBC Farm provides a unique opportunity to monitor the biodiversity important for agroecosystem food production and other ecosystem services on a working, diversified, and organic farm and pilot new technologies and survey techniques to assess agrobiodiversity. The Long-Term Biodiversity Monitoring program focuses on assessing bumble bees, earthworms, forest and crop plants, birds, mammals, bats, and soil fauna each year. The program aims to improve understanding of the biodiversity at the UBC Farm, how it is changing over time, and how this affects important ecosystem services (the benefits people receive from the natural environment) that benefit people, help crops grow, and contribute to overall agroecosystem sustainability.
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Distribution of suitable habitat in winter and summer for plains bison (Bison bison bison) in the Pink Mountain Region of British Columbia
— 2021-04-12 The plains bison (Bison bison bison) is threatened in Canada, with the biggest threat to their recovery being a lack of habitat in which they are considered compatible. Although the Pink Mountain, British Columbia, bison herd currently has about 1,000 individuals, there has never been a formal study of the suitability of the area to sustain the herd. Therefore, this study was performed to determine if the Pink Mountain region contains plains bison suitable habitat based on guiding principles for developing a Habitat Suitability Index. Data used for analysis was aggregated from Landsat8, Canadian Digital Elevation Model, Daymet, and the Freshwater Data Atlas of British Columbia. The final habitat suitability index combined a value for slope, distance to water, landcover, aspect, and snow depth. Separate calculations were performed for summer and winter. Based on the habitat suitability model conducted, there appears to be significant habitat of sufficient quality to support a population of plains bison year-round in the Halfway River drainage. Areas with acceptable habitat were predominately in the river bottoms or valleys and the far eastern section of the study area. In the summer, approximately 60% of the area was categorized as a habitat suitability index of at least six. In winters with maximum snow coverage, only 17% was similarly categorized. Despite this, it is my impression that the area acceptable as habitat is sufficient for a considerable population of bison. Extending the area under study and creating estimates of forage production could lead to a more detailed assessment of carrying capacity for bison in the region, leading to improved management of this iconic species.
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Burning In The Muskwa-Kechika Management Area – Halfway Region: Quantifying Landscape Structure Using Historical Aerial Photographs
— 2021-04-19 Landscape configuration and composition change are common in rangeland management areas where burning is used to maintain grasslands on slopes. However, little is known about the spatial character of patches within landscapes. The spatial character of landscape patches can be used to link landcover patterns to fire occurrences. We conducted a study to examine the composition and configuration of landscape as a link between landcover types and fires in the Halfway Region – Muskwa Kechika Management Area (M-KMA) in British Columbia. We used historical aerial photos to characterize historical landcover changes and patterns. Historical aerial images from two time periods (1963 and1999) were segmented into homogenous landcover patches and classified into six landcover classes (water, bare land, grassland, shrubs, deciduous, coniferous) using the support vector machine algorithm. Class level landscape metrics as the number of patches (NP), percentage landscape (PLAND), mean patch size (AERA_MN) were computed to quantify landscape configuration and composition. Coniferous land cover increased from ~8% to ~30% from 1963 to 1999, replacing deciduous as the dominant land. Deciduous had a 27% negative change in the land cover area, with ~85% attributed to burning. Homogenous patches were observed for shrublands with an increase in PLAND while its number of patches decreased. Grasslands and bare land PLAND decreased in size over time, whereas their mean patch size increased. Despite the challenges in geoprocessing historical aerial photos due to differences in tone and texture properties, aerial photos contain information dating many years back, making them valuable in quantifying landscape landcover patterns. aerial photographs, landscape configuration, land cover, burning, muskwa kechika management area, remote sensing
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Root functional trait and soil microbial coordination: implications for soil respiration in riparian agroecosystems
— 2021-06-22 Field-based, root exclusion experiment to measure heterotrophic and autotrophic-rhizospheric respiration across riparian buffer types in an agricultural landscape in southern Ontario, Canada. We paired bi-weekly measurements of in-field CO2 flux with analysis of soil properties and fine root functional traits. We quantified soil microbial community structure using qPCR to estimate bacterial and fungal abundance and characterized microbial diversity using high-throughput sequencing. Data are from four riparian buffer types with four sampling plots each over eight sampling times: n = 120 soil, root data and respiration measurements, n = 38 bulk soil microbial data, as well as an initial collection of n = 14 paired microbial rhizosphere soil and root trait data. One plot in the rehabilitated forest was omitted due to concern of effects from streambank erosion.
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Monitor Forest height growth using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) canopy height models from 2005 to 2018 at the Petawawa Research Forest
— 2021-04-16 Monitoring the growth of trees is important for sustainable forest management. The traditional method of monitoring forest growth at a broad level is timber cruising by humans, while modern remote sensing technology, especially Lidar, is usually used for monitoring at the single-tree level or stand-level. This paper uses airborne Light Detection and Ranging (airborne LiDAR, i.e. airborne laser scanning (ALS)) data from 2005, 2012, 2016, and 2018 and forest survey data in 2007 from the Petawawa research forest (Ontario, Canada) to monitor the tree height growth through a time series and build relationships between stand ages and dominant tree heights (DHs). On the area covered by all the data obtained, the entire forest can be divided into 4 landcover types (Early Seral, Mid-Seral, Mature and Old Growth) based on stand ages and 3 classification types (Grown, Disturbed, and Misclassified) based on the variation of DHs in the time series. 61% of the forest is grown and only 0.97% is misclassified, which proves this methodology a valid tool for land cover classification. The relationships between stand ages and DH for each landcover type and the whole grown forest are very reliable because their adjusted R2s are greater than 0.88.
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Replication data for: Long-term monitoring in Barkley Sound: a temporal analysis of intertidal biodiversity on Wizard Islet, British Columbia from 1997 to 2017
— 2017 http://hdl.handle.net/11272/10691 In 1997 the Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre established a long-term monitoring project to collect baseline data on the distribution and abundance of macroorganisms at two intertidal sites on Wizard Islet in Barkley Sound. Both sites were resampled in 2001, 2007 and 2009, and the exposed site was resampled in 2002 and 2003. In 2017, the exposed site was sampled again. Data is presented here for macroalgae and colonial fauna cover (%), and invertebrate presence/absence for species richness. <p/> Wizard Islet (48°51’29.5”N, 125°09’31”W) is located within the Deer Group Islands in Barkley Sound and has an area of 1.73 hectares at low tide. The sheltered site (with less wave exposure) is located on a 50m stretch of fixed rocky shore on the northeast side and is characterized by Fucus and Phyllospadix (seagrass). The exposed site is located on a 50m stretch of fixed rocky shore on the southwest side and is characterized by Egregia (feather-boa kelp), goose-necked barnacles and Alaria (brown alga). <p/> Fifteen vertical transects were randomly selected at the exposed site. Tag numbers were 3, 4, 9, 12, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 30, 40, 44, 45, 50. <p/> Sampling was done at tidal heights of 0.2, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5m. Quadrats of 25x25cm were used to estimate percent cover of macroalgae and colonial fauna, and invertebrate presence/absence for species richness. <p/> Data was collected by students in the Coastal Biodiversity and Conservation course taught by Dr. Barb Beasley and Dr. Caroline Fox with Teaching Assistant Sarah Friesen July 24 - September 1, 2017.
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Paths and Barriers Identification: Algorithm based on LiDAR data
— 2022-04-27 The wayfinding system is important for the people on campus. However, the existed wayfinding system of UBC does not consider some walkable paths which are not shown on the street map. Also, the wayfinding system ignores the barriers like stairs, which could be obstacles for wheelchair users, on the paths. LiDAR is developed rapidly in recent years. It can collect the elevation information of the objectives on the ground. University of British Columbia (UBC) collects and publishes the LiDAR dataset of campus every year. This project uses the elevation and the point intensity information from the LiDAR point dataset to identify the walkable paths and the barriers on the paths. Two algorithms are announced. The first one is the intensity-based path identification algorithm, which assumes that the concrete paths have a homogenous intensity. Another algorithm is the barrier identification algorithm, which is based on the Canny edge detection algorithm. As a result, the two algorithms both work well in the research area, and they have the potential to be developed as an automatic process and can be one part of the wayfinding system.
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Predicting Frost-Prone and Cold Air Accumulation Sites from DEMs
— 2022-04-19 Increased deforestation in British Columbia from logging practices and wildfires has led to interests from the BC Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations, and Rural Development to improve reforestation efforts province-wide. Modelling cold air and frost in BC has limited research prior to this project, and unexpected frost events in Spring and Autumn can have fatal effects to young, newly-planted trees in areas where frost develops on the landscape. The frost project is part of the greater Predictive Ecosystem Mapping project for BC on behalf of the ministry, and will contribute to improved land management practices. A site near Smithers, BC was selected for the study due to its complex landscape and high number of annual frost events. Through the use of various topographical, ecological, vegetation, and climate datasets, a reproduceable code has been developed to predict the site’s frost potential. Important spatial information including slope, curvature, and surface roughness were derived from a digital elevation model, and combined with data for the biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification zones, old growth forests, and annual precipitation for the study area. Each dataset in the model was reclassified into a binary raster, based factors contributing to frost potential, and then combined into a single frost-prone dataset. The final results provided excellent insight into how frost may develop on the landscape, and achieved an overall accuracy of 73% when tested against ground-truthing data. The results and easily-reproducible code written for this analysis can help better-inform reforestation efforts in British Columbia, and with further data acquisition of additional variables, as well as more ground-truthing data, the study can be expanded to predict frost potential for all of British Columbia.
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How do shading and cooling of urban forests across the University of British Columbia Vancouver Campus affect building temperatures?
— 2022-04-21 Understanding temporal and spatial variations in environmental conditions is important for determining how urban forests affect ecological communities at the local scale. This study aims to use LiDAR data to investigate how shading and cooling affect urban forests at the UBC Vancouver campus within an ecosystem services framework. To quantify the cooling and shading effects of urban forests on the UBC Vancouver campus, it is first necessary to obtain a general understanding of the spatial and temporal variations in campus temperature to identify areas that have experienced dramatic temperature changes. Next is to analyze the relationship between temperature and multiple environmental factors, including tree characteristics and ground conditions based on local context. The last step is to weigh the importance of each variable to assess the vulnerability and resilience of the region in coping with summer heat waves and mitigating the Urban Heat Islands (UHI) effect. The results showed the mean temperature range of the whole study area was higher than 15◦C, which was closely related to the specific environmental factors such as canopy height, canopy area, and canopy density. This study went further to illustrate that cross-comparisons of the importance of each environmental factor to temperature changes can help predict the distribution of heat in cities and the resistance of regions to heat waves. Additional research is needed on identifying and assessing other critical variables that mitigate the UHI effect.
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Development of Interactive Data Visualization Tool for the Predictive Ecosystem Mapping Project
— 2022-04-19 Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification (BEC) system is the ecosystem classification adopted in the forest management within British Columbia based on vegetation, soil, and climate characteristics whereas Site Series is the smallest unit of the system. The Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development held under the Government of British Columbia (“the Ministry”) developed a web-based tool known as BEC Map for maintaining and sharing the information of the BEC system, but the Site Series information was not included in the tool due to its quantity and complexity. In order to allow users to explore and interact with the information, this project aimed to develop a web-based tool with high data quality and flexibility to users for the Site Series classes using the “Shiny” and “Leaflet” packages in R. The project started with data classification and pre-processing of the raster images and attribute tables through identification of client requirements, spatial database design and data cleaning. After data transformation was conducted, spatial relationships among these data were developed for code development. The code development included the setting-up of web map and interactive tools for facilitating user friendliness and flexibility. The codes were further tested and enhanced to meet the requirements of the Ministry. The web-based tool provided an efficient and effective platform to present the complicated Site Series features with the use of Web Mapping System (WMS) in map rendering. Four interactive tools were developed to allow users to examine and interact with the information. The study also found that the mode filter performed well in data preservation and noise minimization but suffered from long processing time and creation of tiny sliver polygons.

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