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Data from: Linking macro-trends and micro-rates: re-evaluating micro-evolutionary support for Cope’s rule
Gotanda, Kiyoko M.; Correa, Cristián; Turcotte, Martin M.; Rolshausen, Gregor; Hendry, Andrew P. — 2015-03-19 Cope's rule, wherein a lineage increases in body size through time, was originally motivated by macro-evolutionary patterns observed in the fossil record. More recently, some authors have argued that evidence exists for generally positive selection on individual body size in contemporary populations, providing a micro-evolutionary mechanism for Cope's rule. If larger body size confers individual fitness advantages as the selection estimates suggest, thereby explaining Cope's rule, then body size should increase over micro-evolutionary time scales. We test this corollary by assembling a large database of studies reporting changes in phenotypic body size through time in contemporary populations, as well as studies reporting average breeding values for body size through time. Trends in body size were quite variable with an absence of any general trend, and many populations trended toward smaller body sizes. Although selection estimates appear to support Cope's rule, our results suggest that actual rates of phenotypic change for body size do not. We discuss potential reasons for this discrepancy and its implications for the understanding of Cope's rule.
Brock University Dataverse Translation missing: fr.blacklight.search.logo
Phenotypic Rates of Change Evolutionary and Ecological Database
Borealis
Gotanda, Kiyoko M.; Gorné, Lucas D. — 2022-08-10 Phenotypic Rates of Change Evolutionary and Ecological Database (PROCEED) is an ongoing compilation of rates of phenotypic change, typically Haldanes and Darwins, published in peer-reviewed manuscripts. This database includes studies that measure the intraspecific change in quantitative (continuous or counting) traits and report the time elapsed from the onset of environmental novelty or refer to a historical or biological event reported in other sources (e.g., a mine opening, a well-documented biological invasion). The maximum elapsed time between the environmental change and the sampling was no longer than 500 years. The included studies followed a single population through time or compared two or more populations, diverging from an originally single population where (at least) one of them was a new condition of known age. About two decades ago, a database of phenotypic rates of change in wild populations was compiled. Since then, researchers have used (and expanded) this database to examine phenotypic responses to specific types of disturbance and according to different features of the species/systems. We compile and add data regularly to the dataset. This dataset is continually being updated as more people ask it to include new variables.
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Data from: Do replicates of independent guppy lineages evolve similarly in a predator-free laboratory environment?
Gotanda, Kiyoko M.; Pack, Amy; Leblond, Caroline; Hendry, Andrew P. — 2019-09-11 The Trinidadian guppy is emblematic of parallel and convergent evolution, with repeated demonstrations that predation regime is a driver of adaptive trait evolution. A classic and foundational experiment in this system was conducted by John Endler 40 years ago, where male guppies placed into low-predation environments in the laboratory evolved increased color in a few generations. However, Endler’s experiment did not employ the now typical design for a parallel/convergent evolution study, which would employ replicates of different ancestral lineages. We therefore implemented an experiment that seeded replicate mesocosms with small founding populations of guppies originating from high-predation populations of two very different lineages. The different mesocosms were maintained identically, and male guppy color was quantified every four months. After one year, we tested whether male colour had increased, whether replicates within a lineage had parallel phenotypic trajectories, and whether the different lineages converged on a common phenotype. Results showed that male guppy color generally increased through time, primarily due to changes in melanic color; whereas the other colors showed inconsistent and highly variable trajectories. Most of the non-parallelism in phenotypic trajectories was among mesocosms containing different lineages. In addition to this mixture of parallelism and non-parallelism, convergence was not evident in that the variance in colour among the mesocosms actually increased through time. We suggest that our results reflect the importance of high variation in female preference and founder effects, both of which could be important in nature.
McGill University Dataverse Translation missing: fr.blacklight.search.logo
The fitness landscape of a community of Darwin’s finches
Borealis
Beausoleil, Marc-Olivier; Carrión-Avilés, Paola; Podos, Jeffrey; Camacho, Carlos; Rabadán-González, Julio; Richard, Roxanne; Lalla, Kristen; Raeymaekers, Joost A. M.; Knutie, Sarah A.; De León, Luis F.; Chaves, Jaime A.; Clayton, Dale H.; Koop, Jennifer A. H.; Sharpe, Diana M. T.; Gotanda, Kiyoko M.; Huber, Sarah K.; Barrett, Rowan D. H.; Hendry, Andrew P. — 2023-08-22 <h3>Purpose</h3> The dataset and script were developed to <ol> <li>estimate the fitness landscape for Darwin's ground finch species (<i>Geospiza</i> spp.) at El Garrapatero over 2003 to 2020, and </li> <li> use the fitness landscape to consider theoretical expectations and previous empirical assertions regarding the topology of fitness and adaptive landscapes. </li> </ol> <h3>Brief Methodology</h3> To fulfil these aims, we used the data from our long-term monitoring site El Garrapatero on Santa Cruz in the Galápagos, Ecuador. We calculated lifespan as a fitness proxi from our recapture data to construct a fitness and adaptive landscape using the beak length and depth. <h3>Data</h3> Please, download and consult the <i>README</i> text file which explains the contents of <i>adaptive.landscapes.finches.zip</i>. The <i>.zip</i> file preserves the folder structure needed to run the scripts. The main program needed for the analysis is <a href="https://cran.r-project.org">R (open-source)</a>, but to fully reproduce all the code, <a href="https://imagemagick.org/index.php">ImageMagick (open-source)</a> and <a href="https://ffmpeg.org">FFMPEG (open-source)</a> programs. <h3>References</h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://github.com/beausoleilmo/adaptive.landscapes.finches">GitHub repository of 'adaptive.landscapes.finches'</a> </li> <li>The scripts and data and for the R language (R Core Team 2023; R version, 4.2.1 (Funny-Looking Kid)). </li> </ul>
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Phenotypic rates of change evolutionary and ecological dataset (PROCEED) version 5.0
Dryad
Gotanda, Kiyoko M. — 2021-12-17 <p>Wild populations must continuously respond to environmental changes or they risk extinction. Those responses can be measured as phenotypic rates of change which can allow us to predict contemporary adaptive responses, some of which are evolutionary. About two decades ago, a database of phenotypic rates of change in wild populations was compiled. Since then, researchers have used (and expanded) this database to examine phenotypic responses to specific types of human disturbance. Here, we updatedthe database adding 5675 new estimates of phenotypic changes. Using this newer version of the database, now containing 7338 estimates of phenotypic change, we revisit the conclusions of four published articles. We then synthesize the expanded dataset to compare rates of change across different types of human disturbance. Analyses of this expanded database suggests that: I. a small absolute difference in rates of change exists between human disturbed and natural populations, II. harvesting by humans results in higher rates of change than other types of disturbances, III. introduced populations have increased rates of change, and IV. body size does not increase through time. Thus, findings from earlier analyses have largely held-up in analyses of our new database that encompass a much larger breadth of species, traits, and human disturbances. Lastly, we use new analyses to explore how various types of human disturbances affect rates of phenotypic change, and we call for this database to serve as a stepping stone for further analyses to understand patterns of contemporary phenotypic change.</p>
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Data from: The ecology and evolution of seed predation by Darwin's finches on Tribulus cistoides on the Galápagos Islands
Dryad
Carvajal-Endara, Sofía; Hendry, Andrew P.; Emery, Nancy C.; Neu, Corey P.; Carmona, Diego; Gotanda, Kiyoko M.; Davies, T. Jonathan; Chaves, Jaime A.; Johnson, Marc T. J — 2020-01-13 Predator-prey interactions play a key role in the evolution of species traits through antagonistic coevolutionary arms-races. The evolution of beak morphology in the Darwin’s finches in response to competition for seed resources is a classic example of evolution by natural selection. The seeds of Tribulus cistoides are an important food source for the largest ground finch species (Geospiza fortis, G. magnirostris, and G. conirostris) in dry months, and the hard spiny morphology of the fruits are a potent agent of selection that drives contemporary evolutionary change in finch beak morphology. Although the effects of these interaction on finches are well known, how seed predation affects the ecology and evolution of the plants is poorly understood. Here we examine whether seed predation by Darwin’s finches affects the ecology and evolution of T. cistoides. We ask whether the intensity of seed predation and the strength of natural selection by finches on fruit defense traits varies among populations, islands, years, or with varying finch community composition (i.e., the presence/absence of the largest beaked species, which feed on T. cistoides most easily). We then further test whether T. cistoides fruit defenses have diverged among islands in response to spatial variation in finch communities. We addressed these questions by examining seed predation by finches in 30 populations of T. cistoides over three years. Our study reveals three key results. First, Darwin’s finches strongly influence T. cistoides seed survival, whereby seed predation varies with differences in finch community composition among islands and in response to inter-annual fluctuations in precipitation. Second, finches impose phenotypic selection on T. cistoides fruit morphology, whereby smaller and harder fruits with longer or more spines exhibited higher seed survival. Variation in finch community composition and precipitation also explains variation in phenotypic selection on fruit defense traits. Third, variation in the number of spines on fruits among islands is consistent with divergent phenotypic selection imposed by variation in finch community composition among islands. These results suggest that Darwin’s finches and T. cistoides are experiencing an ongoing coevolutionary arms-race, and that the strength of this coevolution varies in space and time.

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(auteur : Gotanda, Kiyoko M.)

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